Acanthaceae red ivy, red flame ivy, waffle plant origin. It is considered one of the most important fungal allergens. Genus name comes from the greek words hemi meaning half and graphis meaning brush for one half of a brush referring to the dense haircovering on the filaments of the outer stamens. In recent years, dnabased studies revealed multiple nonmonophyletic genera within the alternaria complex, and alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to speciesgroups based on morphological characteristics. Alternaria fruit rot of pepper symptoms surface lesions may form at growth cracks, at locations where wounding has occurred prior to or at harvest, or on tissue that has been injured by sunscald, calcium deficiency, heat, insect injury, and chilling. Hemgraphis is a genus of about 90 species of lowgrowing annuals, perennials and subshrubs from tropical asia. The taxonomy of alternaria and species of this genus. For more multimedia, look at alternaria on wikimedia commons. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. Alternaria alternata as a cause of allergic diseases. Powell2 in the fall of 1958 numerous collections of jonathan apple fruits which had small corkytextured lesions were collected from several orchards in illinois.
At high relative humidity, germination may be facilitated by transient condensation of water vapor caused by. Kimble department of plant pathology, university of california, davis, ca 95616. In nature the alternarias grow mostly as saprophytes on plant. Alternaria spores can be at their highest concentrations during dry, windy conditions that are ideal for the spores to. Alternaria solani, causes major yield losses in most potato growing areas of. It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts. Alternaria is a dematiaceous hyphomycete that is frequently involved in human infection. Alternaria causes diseases in plants like early blight of potatoes and boll rots of cotton. This page was last edited on 19 december 2019, at 18. Alternaria is a very large and complex genus that encompasses hundreds of species, although specific data are difficult to obtain because of the proliferation of nomenclature of dubious taxonomic validity. Pdf alternaria species and their associated mycotoxins. View alternaria alternata research papers on academia. Bensch westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute, uppsalalaan 8, utrecht, the netherlands botanische staatssammlung munchen, menzinger stra. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens.
Modern hostfungus indices and databases contain deceptively few entries for alternaria malorum or its synonym, cladosporium malorum. This is a title only record which contains no abstract. The taxonomy of alternaria and species of this genus reported. An identification manual fills a very large void in the scientific literature and it is quite certain that the volume will become the standard reference for those needing to have critical access to alternaria literature and taxonomic information. Influence of environment and culture media on spore morphology of alternaria alternata i. Alternaria molds grow rapidly and can reach maturity in a period of just 5 days. Early blight, caused by the fungus alternaria solani, occurs on potato mainly in the southeastern part. Potential sources of airborne alternaria spores included crops, grasslands, and orchards in northern portugal and northern spain. However, the prevalence of fungal sensitivity in asthma is not completely understood. Review alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls anuj mamgain1, rajib roychowdhury2 and jagatpati tah3 1department of plant protection, institute of agriculture, visvabharati, sriniketan 731236, west bengal, india 2department of biotechnology, visvabharati, santiniketan. Alternaria species are a leading cause of crop blight, and they also cause allergies and infections in some people and animals. This page was last edited on 21 december 2019, at 10. Iia1 as alternaria alternata, noneuropean isolates pathogenic to malus. Influence of environment and culture media on spore.
Alternaria radicina alteraoverview eppo global database. Close inspection of literature from the 1930s through the1960s indicates more hosts and wider prevalence than more modern indices and databases indicate. It currently has a relatively localised distribution, but is on the cape york peninsula priority weed list because of its potential to become an important environmental weed in this region. Spores of alternaria are common in house dust and the fungus is probably more significant as the chief fungal cause of hay fever than as a plant pathogen. Early fruit drop is common, especially if infection has occurred shortly after petal fall. Colorful trailing plant produces rich purpletinted foliage with a crinkly look similar to the texture of a waffle. Indeed, early blight is the most significant foliar disease of potatoes in the usa, asia and africa.
Alternaria is a fungal genus with at least 50 species. Alternaria is found outdoors more often than indoors, but it can sometimes be found in damp places indoors, like in showers and anywhere you have leaky pipes. An easy to grow, low maintenance selection that adds a colorful, decorator touch to any room or office. However, growth rates are highest in temperature ranges 20 25c. Alternaria is a universal fungus and occurs most frequently as a saprobe on dead and decaying organic materials. Hemigraphis alternata, hemigraphis colorata, red ivy, red. However, this type of mold does not need as much moisture as many strains. Review alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls anuj mamgain1, rajib roychowdhury2 and jagatpati tah3 1department of plant protection, institute of agriculture, visvabharati, sriniketan 731236, west bengal, india 2department of biotechnology, visvabharati, santiniketan 731235, west bengal, india. Stackburn, seedling blight, leaf spot of rice alternaria padwickii alternaria padwickii is an asexually reproducing fungus that infects seeds of rice. Finally, there are a number of fungicides that have activity against alternaria fungi.
Growing waffle plants as part of a dish garden or a mixed container provides unusual, cascading foliage with a purple color and metallic tint. Pages in category alternaria the following 35 pages are in this category, out of 35 total. In 1959 one jonathan orchard in southern illinois had 35 percent of the fruit infected. Just like any other mold, alternaria thrives in damp and humid areas. Alternaria in the home causes, health issues, removal. Alternaria alternata is a fungus which has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of plant. Alternaria fruit lesions can crack around the outer edge, giving a moatlike appearance.
During the packing process, the tops of alternaria lesions may be lopped off, making visual identification difficult. It is quite ubiquitous in the environment, and it is one of the fungi which humans interact with most frequently, on a variety of levels. Alternaria alternata has been implicated as the cause of allergic diseases in people exposed to wood and sawdust during paper production in paper mills. Middleton veteran hospital, madison, wisconsin, usa sensitivity to fungi is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. In one study it was found in 87% of the homes examined. Alternaria molds can grow at a wide range of ambient temperatures 1 35c and ph levels 2.
They are sent to a computer by website operators or third parties. Chlorothalonil, captan, fludioxonil, imazalil, iprodione, maneb, mancozeb, thiram, and selected copper fungicides have varying degrees of efficacy against alternaria species. Anderson is an accepted name this name is the accepted name of a species in the genus hemigraphis family acanthaceae. It is a latent fungus that develops during the cold storage of fruits, becoming visible during the marketing. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors. Supported in part by the california fresh market tomato advisory board. Alternaria alternata is one of the most important fungi causing brown spot. Distinguishing features alternaria can usually be distinguished from ulocladium by its obclavate conidia with a beak at the apex. Purple waffle plant indoors hemigraphis alternata my. Alternaria alternata causes black spot in many fruits and vegetables around the world. Alternaria alternata black rot, black spot pdf free. Hemigraphis alternata, hemigraphis colorata family. It is one of several fungi responsible for seed discoloration, seed rot and seedling blight, but has also been detected.
The stems of waffle plants break easily, so its important not to pull the plant from its container by the stems. This page was last edited on 25 december 2019, at 17. Habit and habitat of alternaria alternaria is represented by about 50 species. The purple waffle plant has a moderate to fast rate of growth, so if your plant is healthy, you will need to repot it when you notice roots coming out of the drainage holes. Alternaria alternata is a fairly common indoor mould. Alternaria wikispecies wikispecies, free species directory. Red ivy hemigraphis alternata is regarded as an emerging or potential environmental weed in northern queensland. Waffle plant info indicates that the plant, also known as red ivy or red flame ivy, grows easily indoors under the right growing conditions. Research article artigo in vitro production of conidia of alternaria solani tatiana t. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Apr 12, 2020 alternaria is a fungal genus with at least 50 species.
The largest contributions were from crops and orchards with densities of 81100% and 4160%, respectively. Occurrence of alternaria species in countries of the far east and their taxonomy. Transactions of the mycological society of japan, 11. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Genetic differences in alternaria alternata isolates. The mold alternaria is a well recognized allergy causing fungus. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Instead, turn the plant over and gently tap on the. Recently, early blight has become far more widespread in mainland.
Alternaria alternata, blight, cultural characters, gerbera jamesonii, morphology. Learning how to grow hemigraphis alternata and other waffle. Alternaria leaf blight of cucurbits cooperative extension. Alternaria leaf blight of wheat alternaria triticina.
In vitro production of conidia of alternaria solani. Morphological and cultural characterization of alternaria. Its conidiophores are comparatively less geniculate than those of ulocladium, and its conidia are typically in chains, while those of ulocladium are mostly formed singly or only in very short chains. Alternaria spores can be detected from spring through late fall in most temperate areas, and can reach levels of thousands of spores per cubic meter of air. Alternaria triticina is the causal agent of alternaria leaf blight of wheat, initially described from india. A few species of altemaria can attack on living tissues. The germination of alternaria species is improved in the presence of free moisture. Abstract this is the first report of alternaria leaf spot disease on. Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. Many of these are encountered with as contaminants in laboratory media and on petridish cultures. Exotica is commonly called waffle plant or purple waffle plant in.
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